Martin Rees formulates the fine-tuning of the Universe in terms of the following six dimensionless constants:
- N = ratio of the strengths of gravity to that of electromagnetism;
- Epsilon (ε) = strength of the force binding nucleons into nuclei;
- Omega (ω) = relative importance of gravity and expansion energy in the Universe;
- Lambda (λ) = cosmological constant;
- Q = ratio of the gravitational energy required to pull a large galaxy apart to the energy equivalent of its mass;
- D = number of spatial dimensions in space time.
A Question of Origins - A Finely Tuned Universe (Dennis Prager)
What does a Fine-Tuned Universe Mean? (Robin Collins)
Is the Universe Fine-Tuned ... (Leonard Susskind)